Definitions

FAA | Airspace | ADS-B Requirements
US Legal | Ownership of Airspace Over Property
US Legal | Rights in Airspace and Relative Rights of Surface Proprietors
Pilot Institute | Class B Airspace Explained

Federal Regulations

49 U.S. Code § 40103 - Sovereignty and use of airspace
49 U.S. Code § 40102 - Definitions
FAA AC 91-36D - Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas
14 CFR Part 77 - Safe, Efficient Use, and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace

Legal Opinions

US DOT General Counsel | RE: Updated Fact Sheet (2023) on State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

Scholarly Articles

Legal Issues Concerning the Safety and Security of General Aviation Airports (2025) National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Legal Issues Concerning the Safety and Security of General Aviation Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 
William M. Allen, The Right of Flight over Private Property, 7 Wash. L. Rev. 274 (1932).
Aviator's Rights in Airspace - United States v. Causby, 8 Md. L. Rev. 300 (1944)
Adolph C. Hugin, Airspace Rights and Liabilities As Affected by Aircraft Operation, 26 Notre Dame L. Rev. 620 (1951).
Airplane Noise, Property Rights, and the Constitution. (1965). Columbia Law Review, 65(8), 1428–1447
Christina O. Morris, Noise Pollution: Attempted Federal Control of Airplane Noise, 18 NAT. RES. J. 621 (1978)
C. D. Hogue Jr., Aviation -- Liability of Airport for Low Flying -- Flights Through Airspace as Taking of an Easement, 25 N.C. L. Rev. 64
(1946).
Kettelson, Ernest S. “INVERSE CONDEMNATION OF AIR EASEMENTS.” Real Property, Probate and Trust Journal 3, no. 1 (1968): 97–110
Scott P. Keifer, Aircraft Overflights as a Fifth Amendment Taking: The Extension of Damages for the Loss of Potential Future Uses to Aviation Easements. Brown v. United States, 4 Mo. Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 88 (1996)
J. Joseph Cummings, Ownership and Control of Airspace, 37 Marq. L. Rev. 176 (1953).
Pierce Giboney, Don't Ground Me Bro!: Private Ownership of Airspace and How It Invalidates the FAA's Blanket Prohibition on Low Altitude Commercial Drone Operations, 67 Fla. L. Rev. 2149 (2015).
Ownership of Airspace Over Property
Colin Cahoon, Low Altitude Airspace: A Property Rights No-Man's Land, 56 J. Air L. & Com. 157 (1990)
Hillary B. Farber, Keep Out! The Efficacy Of Trespass, Nuisance And Privacy Torts As Applied To Drones, 33 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 359 (2017)
Stanley L. Lester, Nuisance -- As a "Taking" of Property, 17 U. Miami L. Rev. 537 (1963)
Mary Jo Soenksen, Note, Airports: Full of Sound and Fury and Conflicting Legal Views, 12 Transp. L.J. 325 (1982).
Robert K. Eifler S.Ed., CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-TAKING PRIVATE PROPERTY FOR PUBLIC USE-CONTROL OF AIRSPACE, 45 MICH. L. REV. 875 (1947).
Chad J. Pomeroy, All Your Air Right Are Belong to Us, 13 Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop. 277 (2015).
Hillary B. Farber, Keep Out! The Efficacy Of Trespass, Nuisance And Privacy Torts As Applied To Drones, 33 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 359 (2017).
Christina O. Morris, Noise Pollution: Attempted Federal Control of Airplane Noise, 18 NAT. RES. J. 621 (1978).
Fred D. Fagg Jr., Airspace Ownership and the Right of Flight, 3 J. AIR L. & COM. 400 (1932)
Edward C. Sweeney, Adjusting the Conflicting Interests of Landowner and Aviator in Anglo-American Law, 3 J. Air L. & Com. 531 (1932)
Richard A. Repp, Wrongs and Rights in Superterraneous Airspace: Causby and the Courts, 9 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 460 (1967)

Case Law

Opinion Pieces

Who controls low-altitude airspace?
Causby and effect: How the Uniform Law Commission’s misplaced reliance on a 1946 Supreme Court case threatens the drone industry

Further Reading
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